📜 ECMAScript Versions
📜 JavaScript (ECMAScript) Versions
Section titled “📜 JavaScript (ECMAScript) Versions”| Edition | Year | Key Features | Docs |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES5 | 2009 | Strict mode, JSON | MDN |
| ES6 / ES2015 | 2015 | Classes, Modules, Arrow Functions, Promises | MDN |
| ES2016 | 2016 | Exponentiation **, Array.includes | Announce |
| ES2017 | 2017 | Async/Await | MDN |
| ES2018 | 2018 | Rest/Spread in objects, Async Iteration | MDN |
| ES2019 | 2019 | Array.flat, Optional catch binding | MDN |
| ES2020 | 2020 | Nullish Coalescing ??, Optional Chaining ?. | MDN |
| ES2021 | 2021 | Logical assignment &&=, WeakRefs | MDN |
| ES2022 | 2022 | Top-level await | MDN |
| ES2023 | 2023 | Array findLast, Hashbang grammar | MDN |
| ES2024 | 2024 | See TC39 Finished Proposals (2024) | ECMA-262 Spec • Finished Proposals | | ES2025 | 2025 | Annual edition (update features as finalized) | ECMA-262 Spec |
See feature examples: Optional Chaining • Nullish Coalescing Note: For ES2024+ details, refer to the official ECMA-262 spec and TC39 Finished Proposals. We’ll expand highlights as editions finalize.